PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Cissus quadrangularis, a perennial medicinal plant widely known as Veld grape or Hadjod, has been extensively utilized in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for its diverse therapeutic properties. In recent years, it has attracted considerable scientific interest because of its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and its potential role in managing various health conditions. Methodology: We conducted a systematic literature review using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We identified relevant studies on the pharmacological activities of C. quadrangularis using appropriate keywords. This review included both preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies. We critically analyzed and synthesized the data to understand the plant's mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that C. quadrangularis exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including bone healing, anti-obesity, anti-ulcerative, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and gastroprotective effects. These activities are primarily attributed to its rich phytochemical profile comprising flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phytosterols. Experimental and clinical evidence supports its traditional uses, particularly for bone regeneration and metabolic disorders. Despite promising outcomes, variations in study design and a lack of large-scale clinical trials highlight the need for further mechanistic and standardized investigations. Conclusion: Cissus quadrangularis demonstrates significant therapeutic potential as a multifunctional medicinal plant. Its integration into modern healthcare systems could offer novel and effective strategies for managing various diseases. However, further well-designed clinical studies are essential to validate its efficacy, safety, and optimal therapeutic applications.